A narrative review of sarcopenia in patients with cardiovascular kidney metabolic syndrome: Another brick in the wall?

Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome (CKMS) is a recently launched by American Heart Association to express the importance of interplay among metabolic risk factors, chronic kidney disease, and the cardiovascular system which has profound impacts on morbidity and mortality. The common pathologic processes that impact cardiovascular, kidney and metabolic disorders include but not limited to unhealthy lifestyle (e.g.

sedentary life, smoking, lack of exercise, poor nutrition), chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and endocrine alterations. These risk factors were also implicated as risk factors for sarcopenia development.

Indeed, previous studies have shown that the individual components of CKMS were associated with sarcopenia. These studies rarely examined the relationship between CKMS in constellation with sarcopenia until recently but latest studies have consistently showed associated with CKMS as a whole with sarcopenia.

In this narrative review, we summarized the latest and specific studies (n: 44855) regarding the relationship between sarcopenia with CKMS. Additionally, we underlined the common pathogenic mechanisms and potential biomarkers for CKMS, and sarcopenia.

We discussed non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches for management of CKMS and sarcopenia We also highlighted potential clinical applications and knowledge gaps to be investigated in future studies.