A 10-Year Longitudinal Study of Muscle Morphology and Performance in Masters Sprinters.
Both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that muscle mass, strength and power are lost with ageing. Although longitudinal studies have shown changes in muscle morphology and function in sedentary, healthy active and endurance-trained older people, less is known about such age-related changes in sprint athletes.
It has been proposed that active older people may provide a better study of healthy ageing not confounded by factors of inactivity and other unhealthy behaviours. Given that the training regimens of masters sprinters consist of strength and sprint training that elicit gains in muscle force, power and mass, sprinters may not suffer from measurable decrements in muscle strength, functional performance or morphology over a 10-year period.
To investigate this, m. vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies were taken from 24 masters sprinters aged 48-85โyears at baseline and 10โyears later.
Immunofluorescent staining of slides taken from these biopsies was used to assess fibre type composition, fibre cross-sectional area (FCSA) and capillarisation. In addition, VL thickness was assessed using B-mode ultrasonography, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of knee extension was measured with an electromechanical dynamometer, and the flight time of a counter movement jump was determined with a contact matt. 60-m sprint times were measured using double-beam photocell gates connected to an electronic timer.
FCSA, fibre-type composition, capillarisation and VL thickness had not changed significantly after 10โyears. The decrease in jump power (-9.5%โยฑโ5.7, pโ<โ0.001) was attributable to a concomitant decrease in knee extension MVC (-21.0%โยฑโ20.4, pโ<โ0.001), not slowing of the muscle.
Athletes demonstrated reduced 60-m sprint performance after 10โyears (+14.2% increase in sprint timeโยฑโ12.4, pโ<โ0.001) with greater loss in performance found in older participants (stepwise regression pโ<โ0.004). Similarly, the loss of jump power found in the follow-up measurement (-9.47%โยฑโ5.7, pโ<โ0.001) was larger in the older participants (stepwise regression pโ<โ0.001).
However, no changes in muscle function or performance were significantly related to years of training or training volume. Masters sprinters aged 48-85 maintained muscle histological characteristics over 10โyears, but their training was unable to offset decrements in sprint performance and power that were attributable to a loss in force generating capacity, but not slowing of the muscle.