GFRAL-Fc disarms GDF15 to reprogram tumor immunity and amplify PD-1 efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma.
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment, yet their efficacy remains limited in advanced stages, with suboptimal objective response rates. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a dual-functional cytokine implicated in tumor progression and immunosuppression, represents a promising therapeutic target....